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For years EMPA has made many contributions to research on historical materials and their manufacture and conservation in archaeology, restoration and the preservation of historical monuments; areas that are somewhat exotic for a materials testing and research institute. This involves complex, preferably non-destructive investigations on objects that are often very valuable by means of organic and inorganic analysis methods. The emphasis is on investigations of paints and varnishes on paintings and metals such as gold, silver, copper, bronze and iron. The analysis of various materials and the associated problems are illustrated by a range of examples.