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Photothermal conversion materials can effectively improve the utilization and conversion rate of full-spectrum sunlight, which has aroused wide attention of researchers at home and abroad. In this paper, the types and research progress of photothermal conversion materials mainly studied in recent years were reviewed. The methods of increasing the solar steam generation efficiency by using photothermal conversion materials were analyzed. The optimization design model of solar steam generation system was introduced, and the role of low conductive matrix materials in the system was emphasized. Finally, the application prospects of photothermal conversion materials in the field of seawater desalination were prospected, and what was pointed out is that in-depth exploration of the physical mechanism and large-scale preparation of photothermal conversion materials will become important for the future.