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In cell-assisted lipotransfer, adipose-derived stem cells play a crucial role in enhancing fat graft retention. In vitro, human adipose-derived stem cells were modified with Bcl-2 gene. In vivo, aspirated fat was mixed with the Bcl-2-modified adipose-derived stem cells and then transplanted subcutaneously into nude mice. The retention of fat graft was evaluated. The surviving Bcl-2-modified adipose-derived stem cells were tracked after transplantation. Capillary density was quantified after transplantation. Transplantation with Bcl-2-modified adipose-derived stem cells enhanced fat graft retention by 49% and 114% at 6 weeks compared with the Fat + vector-modified adipose-derived stem cell group and Fat-only group, respectively. Transplants from the Fat + Bcl-2-modified adipose-derived stem cell group had significantly more intact adipocytes and lower levels of fat necrosis and fibrosis at 6 weeks. The survival of Bcl-2-modified adipose-derived stem cells increased by 33% at 3 weeks and 54% at 6 weeks, respectively, compared with vector-modified adipose-derived stem cells. The capillary density was 24% higher in Fat + Bcl-2-modified adipose-derived stem cell group than in Fat + vector-modified adipose-derived stem cell group or 60% higher than in Fat-only group at 3 weeks.