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This article explores the complex notion of Jesus as substitute in Christian theology, situating this topic within the doctrine of the atonement in general. It considers the role of ‘theories’ of the atonement, and provides a biblical/historical/theological overview of substitution in general, and penal substitution in particular. It then reframes the doctrine within a broader understanding of substitution alongside and in relation to that of Christ as representative. It concludes by ordering Christ’s substitutionary work within the larger context of the doctrine of divinization/theosis.