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Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) pollution affects the environment and poses threat to human health. The study of the influence of land use and other factors on PM_2.5 is crucial for the rational development and utilization of territorial space. To explore the intrinsic mechanism between PM_2.5 pollution and related factors, this study used the land use regression (LUR) model, and introduced geographically weighted regression (GWR), and random forest (RF) to optimize the basic LUR model. The basic LUR model was constructed to predict the annual average PM_2.5 concentrations using three elements: artificial surfaces, forest land, and wind speed as explanatory variables, with adjusted R² of 0.645. The improved LUR models based on GWR and RF, with an adjusted R² of 0.767 and 0.821, respectively, show better fitting effects. The LUR simulation results show that the PM_2.5 pollution in the northern Zhejiang is more serious and concentrated. The concentrations are also higher in regions such as the river valley plains in central Zhejiang and the coastal plains in southeastern Zhejiang. These findings show that pollution emissions should be further reduced and environmental protection should be strengthened.