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<p>Background. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic renal failure. CVD morbidity is approximately 10–20 times higher in patients with chronic renal failure compared with that in general population. The high prevalence of CVD among patients with chronic renal failure starting dialysis treatment suggests that CVD begins in earlier stages of chronic renal failure or disease.</p><p>Conclusions. This review discusses the major and other risk factors for CVD in patients with chronic renal failure. Prevention and treatment of CVD in patients with chronic renal failure should represent a great challenge for nephrologists in the future.<br /><br /></p>