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The fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (<i>FBA</i>) gene family exists in higher plants, with the genes of this family playing significant roles in plant growth and development, as well as response to abiotic stresses. However, systematic reports on the <i>FBA</i> gene family and its functions in cucumber are lacking. In this study, we identified five cucumber <i>FBA</i> genes, named <i>CsFBA1</i>-<i>5</i>, that are distributed randomly across chromosomes. Phylogenetic analyses involving these cucumber FBAs, alongside eight Arabidopsis FBA proteins and eight tomato FBA proteins, were conducted to assess their homology. The CsFBAs were grouped into two clades. We also analyzed the physicochemical properties, motif composition, and gene structure of the cucumber FBAs. This analysis highlighted differences in the physicochemical properties and revealed highly conserved domains within the CsFBA family. Additionally, to explore the evolutionary relationships of the CsFBA family further, we constructed comparative syntenic maps with <i>Arabidopsis</i> and tomato, which showed high homology but only one segmental duplication event within the cucumber genome. Expression profiles indicated that the <i>CsFBA</i> gene family is responsive to various abiotic stresses, including low temperature, heat, and salt. Taken together, the results of this study provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the evolution of and future research into the functional characterization of cucumber FBA genes during plant growth and development.