Find in Library

<p>With the accumulation of data about biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from plants based on branch-scale enclosure measurements worldwide, it is vital to assure that measurements are conducted using well-characterized dynamic chambers with good transfer efficiencies and less disturbance on natural growing microenvironments. In this study, a self-made cylindrical semi-open dynamic chamber with a Teflon-coated inner surface was characterized both in the lab with standard BVOC mixtures and in the field with typical broadleaf and coniferous trees. The lab simulation with a constant flow of standard mixtures and online monitoring of BVOCs by proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) revealed lower real-time mixing ratios and shorter equilibrium times than theoretically predicted due to wall loss in the chamber and that larger flow rates (shorter residence times) can reduce the adsorptive loss and improve the transfer efficiencies. However, even when flow rates were raised to secure residence times of less than 1 min, transfer efficiencies were still below 70 % for heavier BVOCs like <span class="inline-formula"><i>α</i></span>-pinene and <span class="inline-formula"><i>β</i></span>-caryophyllene. Relative humidity (RH) impacted the adsorptive loss of BVOCs less significantly when compared to flow rates, with compound-specific patterns related to the influence of RH on their adsorption behaviour. When the chamber was applied in the field to a branch of a <i>Mangifera indica</i> tree, the ambient–enclosure temperature differences decreased from <span class="inline-formula">4.5±0.3</span> to <span class="inline-formula">1.0±0.2</span> <span class="inline-formula">^∘</span>C and the RH differences decreased from 9.8 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 0.5 % to <span class="inline-formula">1.2±0.1</span> % as flow rates increased from 3 L min<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span> (residence time <span class="inline-formula">∼4.5</span> min) to 15 L min<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span> (residence time <span class="inline-formula">∼0.9</span> min). At a medium flow rate of 9 L min<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span> (residence time <span class="inline-formula">∼1.5</span> min), field tests with the dynamic chamber for <i>Mangifera indica</i> and <i>Pinus massoniana</i> branches revealed enclosure temperature increase within <span class="inline-formula">+2</span> <span class="inline-formula">^∘</span>C and <span class="inline-formula">CO₂</span> depletion within <span class="inline-formula">−50</span> ppm when compared to their ambient counterparts. The results suggested that substantially higher air circulating rates would benefit by reducing equilibrium time, adsorptive loss, and the ambient–enclosure temperature and RH differences. However, even under higher air circulating rates and with inert Teflon-coated inner surfaces, the transfer efficiencies for monoterpene and sesquiterpene species are not so satisfactory, implying that emission factors for these species might be underestimated if they are obtained by dynamic chambers without certified transfer efficiencies and that further efforts are needed for field measurements to improve accuracies and narrow the uncertainties of the emission factors.</p>