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A 25-year old man presented with chronic low back pain for about 5 years due to mild congenital lumbar kyphosis (L1-L3 25° with congenital posterior wedge vertebra L2). Preoperative neurologic examination was normal. After posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation with moderate curve correction, the patient gradually developed the symptoms and signs of cauda equina syndrome due to intraoperative L2-3 disc herniation. After 5 days the patient underwent posterior decompression surgery and on the latest follow up visit at 2 years later, nearly all the motor power was recovered but the patient complained of occasional urinary incontinence and residual right leg paresthesia. In surgical treatment of congenital kyphosis, much attention should be paid to the presence of contemporaneous asymptomatic disc herniation.