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Net ecosystem productivity (NEP) is a critical indicator of the CO₂ capture capacity of vegetation ecosystems. Based on the land classification and clumping index (CI) datasets, the key parameters of the Carnegie&#x2013;Ames&#x2013;Stanford Approach (CASA) model, including fraction of photosynthetic active radiation (FPAR) and maximum light use efficiency <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$({{\rm{\varepsilon }}}_{\text{max}})$</tex-math></inline-formula>, were optimized. Then, the NEP of China&#x0027;s terrestrial ecosystems was estimated, using the improved CASA coupled with a soil respiration model. Finally, the accuracy of NEP estimation was evaluated by observation data from ChinaFLUX station. The research results indicated the RMSE of the improved NEP estimations decreased from 21.139 to 10.179 (unit: <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{gC} \cdot \text{m}^{- \text{2}} \cdot \text{month}^{ - \text{1}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>), and the <italic>R</italic>² value increased from 0.413 to 0.832, indicating that optimizing the parameters <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${{\rm{\varepsilon }}}_{\text{max}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and FPAR are both effective methods to improve the model. The spatiotemporal variation of China&#x0027;s NEP was analyzed using the optimized results. The NEP value of China shows a decreasing distribution pattern from southeast to northwest, and the values of different regions are in the order South &gt; North &gt; Qinghai&#x2013;Tibet &gt; Northwest. The monthly NEP variation in different regions of China is a unimodal curve, reaching the maximum in summer. This study optimized the NEP estimation, which can better characterize the distribution pattern of carbon sinks&#x002F;sources in China&#x0027;s terrestrial ecosystems and lay a scientific foundation for developing regional carbon neutrality schemes.