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The prevalence of cognitive impairments and circadian disturbances increases in the elderly and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease (AD) patients. This study investigated the effects of a standardized extract of <i>Asparagus officinalis</i> stem, ETAS^&#174; on cognitive impairments and circadian rhythm status in senescence-accelerated mice prone 8 (SAMP8). ETAS^&#174; consists of two major bioactive constituents: 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF), an abundant constituent, and (S)-asfural, a novel constituent, which is a derivative of HMF. Three-month-old SAMP8 male mice were divided into a control, 200 and 1000 mg/kg BW ETAS^&#174; groups, while senescence-accelerated resistant mice (SAMR1) were used as the normal control. After 12-week feeding, ETAS^&#174; significantly enhanced cognitive performance by an active avoidance test, inhibited the expressions of amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) and BACE-1 and lowered the accumulation of amyloid &#946; (A&#946;) in the brain. ETAS^&#174; also significantly increased neuron number in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and normalized the expressions of the melatonin receptor 1 (MT1) and melatonin receptor 2 (MT2). In conclusion, ETAS^&#174; enhances the cognitive ability, inhibits A&#946; deposition and normalizes circadian rhythm signaling, suggesting it is beneficial for preventing cognitive impairments and circadian rhythm disturbances in aging.