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The main aim of the present study has been the completion of genome size data for the diverse arctic-alpine <i>A. ciliata</i> species complex, with special focus on the unexplored arctic taxon <i>A. pseudofrigida</i>, the north-European <i>A. norvegica,</i> and <i>A. gothica</i> from Gotland (Sweden). Altogether, 46 individuals of these three Nordic taxa have been sampled from seven different regions and their genome size estimated using flow cytometry. Three other alpine taxa in the <i>A. ciliata</i> complex (<i>A. multicaulis</i>, <i>A. ciliata</i> subsp. <i>ciliata</i>, and <i>A. ciliata</i> subsp. <i>bernensis</i>) were also collected and analyzed for standardization purposes, comprising 20 individuals from six regions. A mean 2c value of 1.65 pg of DNA was recorded for <i>A. pseudofrigida</i>, 2.80 pg for <i>A. norvegica</i>, and 4.14 pg for <i>A. gothica,</i> as against the reconfirmed 2c value of 1.63 pg DNA for the type taxon <i>A. ciliata</i> subsp. <i>ciliata</i>. Our results presenting the first estimations of genome sizes for the newly sampled taxa, corroborate ploidy levels described in the available literature, with <i>A. pseudofrigida</i> being tetraploid (2n = 4x = 40), <i>A. norvegica</i> possessing predominantly 2n = 8x = 80, and <i>A. gothica</i> with 2n = 10x = 100. The present study also reconfirms genome size and ploidy level estimations published previously for the alpine members of this species complex. Reflecting a likely complex recent biogeographic history, the <i>A. ciliata</i> species group comprises a polyploid arctic-alpine species complex characterized by reticulate evolution, polyploidizations and hybridizations, probably associated with rapid latitudinal and altitudinal migrations in the Pleistocene–Holocene period.