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Reniform nematodes of the genus <i>Rotylenchulus</i> are semi-endoparasites of numerous herbaceous and woody plant roots that occur largely in regions with temperate, subtropical, and tropical climates. In this study, we compared 12 populations of <i>Rotylenchulus</i><i>borealis</i> and 16 populations of <i>Rotylenchulus</i><i>macrosoma</i>, including paratypes deposited in nematode collections, confirming that morphological characters between both nematode species do not support their separation. In addition, analysis of molecular markers using nuclear ribosomal DNA (<i>28S</i>, <i>ITS1</i>) and mitochondrial DNA (<i>coxI</i>) genes, as well as phylogenetic approaches, confirmed the synonymy of <i>R. macrosoma</i> with <i>R. borealis</i>. This study also demonstrated that <i>R. borealis</i> (= <i>macrosoma</i>) from Israel has two distinct rRNA gene types in the genome, specifically the two types of <i>D2-D3</i> (A and B). We provide a global geographical distribution of the genus <i>Rotylenchulus</i>. The two major pathogenic species (<i>Rotylenchulus</i><i>reniformis</i> and <i>Rotylenchulus</i><i>parvus</i>) showed their close relationship with warmer areas with high annual mean temperature, maximum temperature of the warmest month, and minimum temperature of the coldest month. The present study confirms the extraordinary morphological and molecular diversity of <i>R. borealis</i> in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East and comprises a paradigmatic example of remarkable flexibility of ecological requirements within reniform nematodes.