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The quality of <i>Schisandra chinensis</i> (Turcz.) Baill. (<i>S. chinensis</i>) is principally attributed to lignan compounds. In this paper, a simple and rapid strategy for simultaneous extraction and determination of 10 lignans from <i>S. chinensis</i> was established through matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) assisted by diol-functionalized silica (Diol). The experimental parameters for MSPD extraction were screened using the response surface methodology (RSM). Diol (800 mg) was used as a dispersant and methanol (MeOH, 85%, <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) as an eluting solvent (10 mL), resulting in a high extraction efficiency. MSPD extraction facilitated the combination of extraction and purification in a single step, which was less time-consuming than and avoided the thermal treatment involved in traditional methods. The simultaneous qualification and quantification of 10 lignans was achieved by combining MSPD and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The proposed method offered good linearity and a low limit of detection starting from 0.04 (schisandrin C) to 0.43 μg/mL (schisantherin B) for lignans, and the relative standard deviation (RSD, %) values of precision were acceptable, with a maximum value of 1.15% (schisantherin B and schisanhenol). The methodology was successfully utilized to analyze 13 batches of <i>S. chinensis</i> from different cultivated areas of China, which proved its accuracy and practicability in the quantitative analysis of the quality control of <i>S. chinensis</i>.