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To identify odors in complex environments accurately, insects have evolved multiple olfactory proteins. In our study, various olfactory proteins of <i>Odontothrips loti</i> Haliday, an oligophagous pest that primarily affects <i>Medicago sativa</i> (alfalfa), were explored. Specifically, 47 putative olfactory candidate genes were identified in the antennae transcriptome of <i>O. loti</i>, including seven odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), nine chemosensory proteins (CSPs), seven sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), eight odorant receptors (ORs), and sixteen ionotropic receptors (IRs). PCR analysis further confirmed that 43 out of 47 genes existed in <i>O. loti</i> adults, and <i>O.lot</i>OBP1, <i>O.lot</i>OBP4, and <i>O.lot</i>OBP6 were specifically expressed in the antennae with a male-biased expression pattern. In addition, both the fluorescence competitive binding assay and molecular docking showed that <i>p</i>-Menth-8-en-2-one, a component of the volatiles of the host, had strong binding ability to the O.lotOBP6 protein. Behavioral experiments showed that this component has a significant attraction to both female and male adults, indicating that O.lotOBP6 plays a role in host location. Furthermore, molecular docking reveals potential active sites in O.lotOBP6 that interact with most of the tested volatiles. Our results provide insights into the mechanism of <i>O. loti</i> odor-evoked behavior and the development of a highly specific and sustainable approach for thrip management.