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Uranium is an indispensable element for the development of nuclear energy. Uranium extraction from seawater can effectively solve the problem of the shortage in land uranium mines. Amidoxime(AO)-based adsorbents exhibit excellent adsorption performance for uranyl ions. This article reviews the research progress of AO-based fiber since it has been reported, analyzes the preparation method and adsorption performance of AO-based fibrous adsorbent, and studies the development process and trend of this type of materials. Furthermore, the existing issues of the current industrialization of AO-based fibrous materials is discussed. Finally, the development of uranium extraction from seawater in the future is prospected.