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As the quality of life improves, there is an increasing demand for nutrition-rich marine organisms like fish, shellfish, and cephalopods. To address this, artificial cultivation of these organisms is being explored along with ongoing research on their growth and development. A case in point is <i>Amphioctopus fangsiao</i>, a highly valued cephalopod known for its tasty meat, nutrient richness, and rapid growth rate. Despite its significance, there is a dearth of studies on the <i>A. fangsiao</i> growth mechanism, particularly of its larvae. In this study, we collected <i>A. fangsiao</i> larvae at 0, 4, 12, and 24 h post-hatching and conducted transcriptome profiling. Our analysis identified 4467, 5099, and 4181 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at respective intervals, compared to the 0 h sample. We further analyzed the expression trends of these DEGs, noting a predominant trend of continuous upregulation. Functional exploration of this trend entailed GO and KEGG functional enrichment along with protein–protein interaction network analyses. We identified GLDC, DUSP14, DPF2, GNAI1, and ZNF271 as core genes, based on their high upregulation rate, implicated in larval growth and development. Similarly, CLTC, MEF2A, PPP1CB, PPP1R12A, and TJP1, marked by high protein interaction numbers, were identified as hub genes and the gene expression levels identified via RNA-seq analysis were validated through qRT-PCR. By analyzing the functions of key and core genes, we found that the ability of <i>A. fangsiao</i> larvae to metabolize carbohydrates, lipids, and other energy substances during early growth may significantly improve with the growth of the larvae. At the same time, muscle related cells in <i>A. fangsiao</i> larvae may develop rapidly, promoting the growth and development of larvae. Our findings provide preliminary insights into the growth and developmental mechanism of <i>A. fangsiao</i>, setting the stage for more comprehensive understanding and broader research into cephalopod growth and development mechanisms.