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It is generally accepted that air quality is closely related to human health. In this study, to investigate the dynamic characteristics of air quality and explore the driving factors of air pollution, the Air Quality Index (AQI) and concentration data of six air pollutants (CO, NO₂, O₃, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and SO₂) were fitted to functional curves using the B-spline basis function. Compared with discrete data, functional data can better express the dynamic characteristics of data and reduce information loss. Additionally, functional clustering based on the principal component coefficient was established to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of air quality, and a functional linear model was established to analyze the relationship between pollutants and anthropogenic factors. The results showed that air pollutants in Fujian Province were found to have certain temporal and spatial heterogeneity, among which the seasonal characteristics of NO₂ and O₃ (high in summer, low in winter) were opposite to those of the other pollutants considered. The spatial distribution of air pollution was low (high) pollution in inland (coastal) areas, and the primary air pollutants in Fujian Province were PM₁₀ and PM_2.5. The functional linear model indicated that anthropogenic factors (e.g., vehicle numbers and emissions of industrial NO_X emissions) were found to have a notable impact on air pollutants. The findings of this study could act as a reference in support of air pollution control.