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Objective To investigate the serological and molecular characteristics of twenty blood samples carrying ABO*AW.37 allele and to analyze ABO allelic enhancement. Methods The ABO phenotype of the twenty samples was determined by serological methods and the genotype of 1-7 ABO exons was analyzed by Sanger sequencing. Results Sequencing analysis showed that all twenty samples contained a c. 940A>G(p.Lys314Glu) mutation of A allele, which was defined as ABO*AW.37. When ABO*AW.37 and B alleles were inherited simultaneously in 9 cases, in forward typing anti-A antibodies all agglutinated and the serological phenotype was AwB. Among the 11 cases with ABO*AW.37 and O alleles inherited simultaneously, there was no agglutination of anti-A in forward typing. For absorption and elution tests, 5 cases were weakly positive and the serological phenotype was Ael, while 6 cases were negative for absorption and elution tests and the serological phenotype was O type. Conclusion Allelic enhancement occured when both ABO*AW.37 allele and B allele were inherited simultaneously. When ABO*AW.37 was inherited simultaneously with O allele, the serological phenotype was Ael or O type and attention should be paid to blood type identification.