Targeting the Ubiquinol-Reduction (Q<sub>i</sub>) Site of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome <i>bc<sub>1</sub></i> Complex for the Development of Next Generation Quinolone Antimalarials

oleh: Kangsa Amporndanai, Nattapon Pinthong, Paul M. O’Neill, W. David Hong, Richard K. Amewu, Chandrakala Pidathala, Neil G. Berry, Suet C. Leung, Stephen A. Ward, Giancarlo A. Biagini, S. Samar Hasnain, Svetlana V. Antonyuk

Format: Article
Diterbitkan: MDPI AG 2022-07-01

Deskripsi

Antimalarials targeting the ubiquinol-oxidation (Q<sub>o</sub>) site of the <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> bc<sub>1</sub> complex, such as atovaquone, have become less effective due to the rapid emergence of resistance linked to point mutations in the Q<sub>o</sub> site. Recent findings showed a series of 2-aryl quinolones mediate inhibitions of this complex by binding to the ubiquinone-reduction (Qi) site, which offers a potential advantage in circumventing drug resistance. Since it is essential to understand how 2-aryl quinolone lead compounds bind within the Qi site, here we describe the co-crystallization and structure elucidation of the bovine cytochrome <i>bc<sub>1</sub></i> complex with three different antimalarial 4(1H)-quinolone sub-types, including two 2-aryl quinolone derivatives and a 3-aryl quinolone analogue for comparison. Currently, no structural information is available for <i>Plasmodial</i> cytochrome <i>bc<sub>1</sub></i>. Our crystallographic studies have enabled comparison of an in-silico homology docking model of <i>P. falciparum</i> with the mammalian’s equivalent, enabling an examination of how binding compares for the 2- versus 3-aryl analogues. Based on crystallographic and computational modeling, key differences in human and <i>P. falciparum</i> Q<sub>i</sub> sites have been mapped that provide new insights that can be exploited for the development of next-generation antimalarials with greater selective inhibitory activity against the parasite <i>bc<sub>1</sub></i> with improved antimalarial properties.