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This study aimed to investigate the effects of Schisandra Chinensis Fructus polysaccharide (SCP) on learning and memory, hippocampal antioxidant activity and Keap1/Nrf2 signal transduction pathway in an aging mouse model. The step-down test was used to observe learning and memory. Biochemical analysis was used to detect Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Nrf2, HO-1, and Keap1 gene expression in the hippocampus were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). SCP can improve the learning and memory ability (P<0.05), increase hippocampal SOD activity, decrease MDA levels, up-regulate Nrf2 and HO-1 gene expressions, down-regulate Keap1 gene expression (P<0.05). Our findings suggest that SCP can improve brain damage in D-galactose-induced aging mice, improve antioxidant enzyme activity, reduce lipid peroxidation, and has obvious anti-aging effects. Its anti-aging activity may be related to activating the Keap1/Nrf2 signal transduction pathway in the hippocampus.