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Beef cattle production is the major Brazilian agribusiness sector, as a supplier for both the domestic and the international markets. Given the importance of Brazil in this segment, this study aims to analyze the competitiveness of the Brazilian and Australian beef market between 1998 and 2009 by using indexes of global marketplace positioning, competitiveness indexes and the Michaely index, as well as the coefficient of divergence. Another aim of this study was to evaluate the production structure of both countries. The results showed that Australia is more competitive throughout the analyzed period, except for 1999, when Brazil was more competitive because of the devaluation of the real against the dollar, which boosted Brazilian exports. The results of the analysis of the production structure show that there are differences between the production methods in Brazil and Australia.