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<i>Helvella bachu</i>, a prized edible and medicinal fungus, is primarily found in the forests of <i>Populus euphratica</i>, an ancient and endangered species crucial to desert riparian ecosystems. Despite extensive efforts, the isolation of pure cultures and cultivation of fruiting bodies of <i>H. bachu</i> have remained elusive. While some species within the <i>Helvella</i> genus have been confirmed as ectomycorrhizal fungi, others have been considered either saprotrophic or mycorrhizal. By integrating field observations of <i>H. bachu</i> habitat, macro- and micro-anatomical examination of plant root tips, and molecular data from fruiting bodies, mycorrhizae, and host plants, it has been confirmed that <i>H. bachu</i> forms ectomycorrhizal associations with <i>Populus</i> trees. The mycorrhiza of <i>H. bachu</i> displays a light earth color with a curved smooth cylindrical shape. It features a thick mantle and the presence of a Hartig net, accompanied by a small amount of epitaxy mycelia. Morphological observation of the root tips requires meticulous handling, and the paraffin section technique has yielded noteworthy results. Host plants encompass four <i>Populus</i> species, including <i>P. euphratica</i>, <i>P. pruinosa</i>, <i>P. nigra</i>, and <i>P. alba</i> var. <i>pyramidalis</i> (synonym <i>Populus bolleana</i>). A conservation area was established within the young <i>P. euphratica</i> forest at Tarim University, resulting in a 14.75% increase in the quantity of fruiting bodies during the second year. Establishing a conservation area and in situ propagation of <i>H. bachu</i> holds economic and ecological implications. This study will contribute to the conservation of resources related to <i>H. bachu</i> and <i>P. euphratica</i>.