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Na+/H+ exchanger (NHX)-mediated Na+ and H+ antiport is an important mechanism for salt tolerance in plants. In this study, an Na+/H+ antiporter gene, referred to as NsNHX1, was isolated from the halophyte Nitraria sibirica Pall. using degenerate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The resulting 2 182 bp NsNHX1 cDNA contained a 1 635 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encoded 544 amino acids and showed striking sequence similarity to tonoplast-localized NHXs from other plants. Subcellular localization analysis confirmed NsNHX1 to be a tonoplast-localized protein. Cis-elements described as being responsive to biotic and abiotic stresses were present in the NsNHX1 promoter region, and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analysis confirmed that NsNHX1 expression was induced by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), cold, and NaCl. Transcription of NsNHX1 increased sharply 3 h after treatment with 200 mM NaCl revealing that NsNHX1 responded rapidly to the salt stress. Overexpression of NsNHX1 enhanced salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis thalliana L. suggesting that NsNHX1-mediated Na+ compartmentalization played an important role in enhancing plant salt tolerance.