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Stripe rust (<i>Puccinia striiformis</i> f. sp. <i>tritici</i> (<i>Pst</i>)) is one of the most devastating fungal diseases of durum wheat (<i>Triticum turgidum</i> L. var. <i>durum</i> Desf.). Races of <i>Pst</i> with new virulence combinations are emerging more regularly on wheat-growing continents, which challenges wheat breeding for resistance. This study aimed to identify and characterize resistance to <i>Pst</i> races based on a genome-wide association study. GWAS is an approach to analyze the associations between a genome-wide set of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and target phenotypic traits. A total of 139 durum wheat accessions from Iran were evaluated at the seedling stage against isolates <i>Pstv-37</i> and <i>Pstv-40</i> of <i>Pst</i> and then genotyped using a 15K SNP chip. In total, 230 significant associations were identified across 14 chromosomes, of which 30 were associated with resistance to both isolates. Furthermore, 17 durum wheat landraces showed an immune response against both <i>Pst</i> isolates. The SNP markers and resistant accessions identified in this study may be useful in programs breeding durum wheat for stripe rust resistance.