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The indigenous peoples in the Northeast of Brazil question the historiographical production that until recently omitted, ignored or relegated the generic Indians to a distant colonial past. The experiences lived by the natives in the northeastern semi-arid are, therefore, a challenge for reflections on the understanding of the processes historical changes that result in the current sociopolitical mobilizations by the claims, conquests and guarantees of rights. It is necessary to think of the natives in the northeastern Semi-arid region in the perspective of a Environmental History in an exercise of research, studies and reflections to establish the relations between the Indians and the conditions of life in the environment where they live. Recognizing indigenous sociodiversities and contributing to discussions in the historical perspective that demonstrate the power relations, access, use and meanings of natural resources by indigenous peoples