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The title complex, [Er(C5H5NO)(C2O4)(H2O)]n, is a new erbium polymer based on oxalate and 4-oxidopyridinium ligands. The ErII center is coordinated by six O atoms from three oxalate ligands, one O atom from a 4-oxidopyridinium ligand and one water molecule, and displays a distorted square-antiprismatic coordination geometry. The oxalate ligands are both chelating and bridging, and link ErII ions, forming Er–oxalate layers in which the attached water and 4-oxidopyridinium units point alternately up and down. A mirror plane passes through the Er atom, one C, the oxide O and two oxalate O atoms. The layers are assembled into a three-dimensional supramolecular network via intermolecular hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking interactions [centroid–centroid distances of 3.587 (2) Å between parallel pyridinium rings]. Both the water molecule and the 4-oxidopyridinium ligand are disordered over two sites in a 1:1 ratio.