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Atherosclerosis is one of the main pathological basis of ischemic stroke. Recent studies have found that arterial tertiary lymphoid organs (ATLOs) is rich in B lymphocytes, which play an important regulatory role in the formation and progress of atherosclerosis plaque through local immune response. Some B-cell regulatory factors can also reduce the volume of ischemic stroke cerebral infarction, which is expected to be a new treatment option for ischemic stroke. This paper aims to review the role and mechanism of B lymphocyte subsets in regulating the progress of atherosclerosis and ischemic stroke. It will be helpful to explore the immune mechanism and immunotherapeutic potential of the occurrence and progress of atherosclerosis and ischemic stroke. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2020.01.004