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We investigated the effects of elevated temperatures on the photosynthetic characteristics and fruit quality of the ‘Mihong’ peach (<i>Prunus persica</i>) under high carbon dioxide concentrations based on climate change scenario RCP 8.5. We simulated three different temperature conditions (control; the average temperature in normal years in Jeonju city, C+3.4 °C, C+5.7 °C) and 700 μmol·mol⁻¹ CO₂ (expected in the mid-21st century). The average photosynthetic rates were 10.64, 10.21, and 8.18 μmol∙m⁻²∙s⁻¹ at C+3.4 °C, control, and C+5.7 °C, respectively. The chlorophyll content in the control and C+3.4 °C increased compared to that at the early stage of growth, but that of C+5.7 °C decreased rapidly. The fruit weight was the highest for C+3.4 °C (158.2 g), followed by C+5.7 °C (129.5 g) and the control (127.3 g). The shoot length increased at C+3.4 °C and C+5.7 °C when compared to the control, and there was no significant difference in the other growth characteristics. The carbohydrate content was the highest at C+3.4 °C, and the nitrogen content increased as the temperature increased. Moreover, the C/N ratio decreased as the temperature increased but there was no significant difference. The rate of floral bud differentiation decreased as temperature increased, and that of C+5.7 °C was the lowest due to the low C/N ratio, vegetative growth dominance, and early defoliation. Furthermore, the floral bud density was low in the C+5.7 °C treatment. These findings indicate that a temperature increase of 5.7 °C under 700 μmol·mol⁻¹ CO₂ conditions will negatively affect the physiological response and fruit quality of the early-maturing peach variety ‘Mihong,’ and yield is expected to decrease in the following year.