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Soil bacterial communities and root-associated microbiomes play important roles in the nutrient absorption and healthy growth of host plants. <i>Cinnamomum camphora</i> is an important timber and special economic forest tree species in Fujian Province. In this study, the high-throughput sequencing technique was used to analyze the composition, diversity, and function of the bacterial communities present in the soil from different samples and slope positions of <i>C. camphora</i>. The results of this analysis demonstrated that the related bacterial communities in <i>C. camphora</i> soil were mainly clustered based on sample type. Bacterial alpha diversity in the rhizosphere and bulk soil of <i>C. camphora</i> growing downhill was higher than that of <i>C. camphora</i> growing uphill. At the phylum level, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Gemmatimonadetes were positively correlated with pH, available phosphorus, total phosphorus, available potassium, and total potassium, while Acidobacteria and Verrucomicrobia were negatively correlated with alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen. These results show that there were remarkable differences in the composition, diversity, and function of related bacterial communities between different sample types of <i>C. camphora</i> soil. The slope position had a marked effect on the bacterial communities in the rhizosphere and bulk soil, while the root endosphere remained unaffected.