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Catalytic oxidation is used to control carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from industrial exhaust. In this study, a mesoporous silica material, KCC-1, was synthesized and used as a carrier with a high specific surface area to confine active component FeO<i>_x</i> nanoparticles (NPs), and the CO catalytic oxidation performance of <i>x</i>%Fe@KCC-1 catalysts (<i>x</i> represents the mass loading of Fe) was studied. The experimental results showed that due to its large specific surface area and abundant mesopores, the FeO<i>_x</i> NPs were highly dispersed on the surface of the KCC-1 carrier. The particle size of FeO<i>_x</i> was very small, resulting in strong interactions between FeO<i>_x</i> NPs and KCC-1, which enhanced the catalytic oxidation reaction on the catalyst. The FeO<i>_x</i> loading improved the CO adsorption capability of the catalyst, which facilitated the catalytic oxidation of CO, with the 7%Fe@KCC-1 catalyst achieving 100% CO conversion at 160 °C. The CO catalytic removal mechanism was investigated by a combination of in-situ DRIFTS and DFT calculations. This study advances scientific understanding of the application potential of nano-catalysts in important oxidation reactions and provides valuable insights into the development of efficient CO oxidation catalysts.