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In this study, the microstructural evolution, distribution, morphology, and change mechanism of an as-rolled Ti₂AlNb alloy were quantitatively analyzed by X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results show that after solution treatment at 900 °C, the content of the O phase alloy decreased by 2%, which provided space for the nucleation of the α₂ phase, the content of which increased by 2%. After aging treatment at 760 °C, large quantities of acicular O phase and α₂ phase were precipitated in the B2 matrix, and the content of the α₂ phase increased. As the aging temperature increased to 840 °C, the elongated α₂ phases were connected to each other at a specific angle along the grain boundary, extending to the interior of the grain. The hardness reached its maximum value of 402 HV at 760 °C. This study deepened our understanding of the formation of the α₂ phase in the microstructure of rolled Ti₂AlNb alloy, and investigates the effect of α₂ phase content on the hardness of the alloy in more depth.