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DC fault protection is the key technique for the development of the DC distribution and transmission system. This paper analyzes the transient characteristics of DC faults in a modular multilevel converter (MMC) based DC system combining with the numerical method. Meanwhile, lots of simulation tests based on MATLAB/Simulink are carried out to verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis. Finally, the technological difficulties of and requirements for the protection and isolation are discussed to provide the theoretical foundation for the design of dc fault protection strategy.