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The spatiotemporal patterns of key hydrological variables across China were illustrated based on the developed Water and Energy Transfer Processes model in China (WEP-CN model). Time series of four key hydrological variables, namely, precipitation (<i>P</i>), runoff (<i>R</i>), infiltration (<i>Inf</i>), and actual evapotranspiration (<i>ET_a</i>), were obtained over 60 years. Then, the temporal trends and spatial differences of these variables were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall and linear methods on a national scale and on the water resource regional scale. Moreover, we explored the drivers and constraints for changes in <i>R</i>, <i>Inf</i>, and <i>ET_a</i>. The results showed: (1) Based on the coefficient of variations of <i>P</i> (5.24%), <i>R</i> (11.80%), <i>Inf</i> (2.57%), and <i>ET_a</i> (3.77%), <i>R</i> was more fluctuating than the other variables. (2) These variables followed a similar trend of gradually decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland. (3) Changes in <i>R</i> and <i>Inf</i> were caused mainly by <i>P</i>, having correlation coefficients with precipitation of 0.74 and 0.73, respectively. The <i>ET_a</i> was constrained by a combination of <i>P</i> and energy. The results improved the refined and quantitative research on hydrological processes in China, identified the differences in hydrological variables between water-resource regions, and provided a useful supplement to the research of the large-scale hydrological process.