Bacterial Endophytes from <i>Moringa oleifera</i> Leaves as a Promising Source for Bioactive Compounds

oleh: Amr H. Hashem, Abdulaziz A. Al-Askar, Hamada Abd Elgawad, Amer M. Abdelaziz

Format: Article
Diterbitkan: MDPI AG 2023-07-01

Deskripsi

Bacterial endophytes reside within the tissues of living plant species without causing any harm or disease to their hosts. Bacterial endophytes have produced a variety of bioactive compounds that can be used for different biomedical applications. In the current study, two bacterial endophytes were isolated from healthy <i>Moringa oleifera</i> leaves, and identified genetically as <i>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</i> and <i>Alcaligenes faecalis</i>. Phytochemical results illustrated that <i>A. faecalis</i> produced phenolics at 547.2 mg/g, tannins at 156.7 µg/g, flavonoids at 32.8 µg/g, and alkaloids at 111.2 µg/g compared to <i>S. maltophilia</i>, which produced phenolics at 299.5 mg/g, tannins at 78.2 µg/g, flavonoids at 12.4 µg/g, and alkaloids at 29.4 µg/g. GC-MS analysis indicated that <i>A. faecalis</i> extract has 24 bioactive compounds, including 9 major compounds, namely octadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, linoleic acid ethyl ester, octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, methyl stearate, nonacosane, indolizine, palmitoleic acid, and heptacosane. On the other hand, <i>S. maltophilia</i> extract has 11 bioactive compounds, including 8 major compounds, namely oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, cis-2-phenyl-1, 3-dioxolane-4-methyl, ergotamine, diisooctyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, and pentadecanoic acid. To check the safety of these extracts, the cytotoxicity of Ethyl acetate (EA) extracts of <i>S. maltophilia</i> and <i>A. faecalis</i> were evaluated against the Vero normal cell line, and the results confirmed that these extracts are safe to use. Moreover, results revealed that EA extracts of <i>S. maltophilia</i> and <i>A. faecalis</i> exhibited anticancer activity against the cancerous MCF7 cell line, where IC<sub>50</sub> was 202.4 and 119.7 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, EA extracts of <i>S. maltophilia</i> had antibacterial and antifungal activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and unicellular fungi. Likewise, the EA extract of <i>A. faecalis</i> exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activity against Gram-positive bacteria, as well as unicellular fungi, but did not show any activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Also, EA extracts of <i>S. maltophilia</i> and <i>A. faecalis</i> exhibited moderate antioxidant activity where IC<sub>50</sub> were 146.2 and 147.6 µg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, the two isolated endophytic bacteria <i>S. maltophilia</i> and <i>A. faecalis</i> have promising bioactive compounds that have antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities.