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The use of shape memory alloys (SMAs) in civil structures attracted the attention of researchers worldwide. This interest is due the unique properties of SMAs, the shape memory effect (SME) and pseudoelasticity. Other desirable attributes for SMA include biocompatibility, high specific strength, wear resistance, anti-fatigue characteristics, and high yield strength. These beneficial qualities allow for a wide range of applications ranging from aerospace field to the medical and civil engineering fields. To intelligently utilize shape memory alloys and widen their application potential, certain characteristics including the heat activation and heat transfer mechanisms must be thoroughly understood. Such understanding would allow the development and optimization of systems utilizing SMA. Hence, this paper presents a state-of-the-art review about shape memory alloys with specific focus on the heat activation mechanisms and the heat transfer modes.