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<i>Dicranocentrus</i> Schött is the most diverse and widespread taxon of Neotropical Orchesellidae. In Brazil, the genus is represented by 11 species found in humid forested areas of Atlantic and Amazon forests domains. Here we describe in detail <i>Dicranocentrus abestado</i> sp. nov. from Chapada Diamantina, Caatinga domain, Brazil. The new species belongs to the <i>marias</i> group <i>sensu</i> Mari-Mutt, due to the absence of most posterior macrochaetae on the dorsal head, and resembles other Neotropical species with 3, 2 and 2 central macrochaetae on abdominal segments I–III. However, the new species is unique especially by its reduced colour pattern combined with its empodial complex morphology. We compare <i>Dicranocentrus abestado</i> sp. nov. with 27 other taxa from the New and Old World, including all species with 3 macrochaetae on the first abdominal segment; provide notes and details on the morphology of the compared species plus identification keys to Brazilian and all species of the genus with similar abdominal chaetotaxy. We also discuss the current taxonomical knowledge on Brazilian <i>Dicranocentrus</i> and provide notes on its chaetotaxy and Heteromurinae systematics.