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I review recent developments in the study of the low-x partonic content of pro- tons and nuclei, with a focus on the latter, as one expects possible deviations from linear QCD evolution to be most pronounced in that case. I give examples of recent theoretical descriptions of HERA measurements with a focus on the role of BFKL evolution. I then concentrate on the status and assumptions of nuclear PDFs and the possibility to use for- ward particle production at the LHC as further constraint, in particular measurements of open charm and the potential of electromagnetic probes.