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Antifeedant Effects and Repellent Activity of Loline Alkaloids from Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue against Horn Flies, <i>Haematobia irritans</i> (Diptera: Muscidae)
oleh: Javier Espinoza, Manuel Chacón-Fuentes, Andrés Quiroz, Leonardo Bardehle, Paul Escobar-Bahamondes, Emilio Ungerfeld
Format: | Article |
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Diterbitkan: | MDPI AG 2021-02-01 |
Deskripsi
<i>Haematobia irritans</i> is an obligate bloodsucking ectoparasite of cattle and is the global major pest of livestock production. Currently, <i>H. irritans</i> management is largely dependent upon broad-spectrum pesticides, which lately has led to the development of insecticide resistance. Thus, alternative control methods are necessary. Endophyte-infected grasses have been studied as an alternative due to their capability to biosynthesize alkaloids associated with anti-insect activities. Thus, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the antifeedant and repellent activity of lolines obtained from endophyte-infected tall fescue against <i>H. irritans</i> adults in laboratory conditions. The alkaloid extract (ALKE) was obtained by acid–base extraction. <i>N</i>-formyl loline (NFL) and <i>N</i>-acetyl loline (NAL) were isolated by preparative thin layer chromatography (pTLC) and column chromatography (CC), and the loline was prepared by acid hydrolysis of a NFL/NAL mixture. Loline identification was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Feeding behavior was evaluated by a non-choice test, and olfactory response was evaluated using a Y-tube olfactometer. Accordingly, all samples showed antifeedant activities. NFL was the most antifeedant compound at 0.5 µg/µL and 1.0 µg/µL, and it was statistically equal to NAL but different to loline; however, NAL was not statistically different to loline. NFL and NAL at 0.25 µg/µL were more active than loline. All samples except loline exhibited spatial repellency in the olfactometer. Thus, the little or non-adverse effects for cattle and beneficial activities of those lolines make them suitable candidates for horn fly management.