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The present study was aimed at assessing more accurately the seismic vulnerability and performance of highway bridges in an earthquake-damaged area. Based on mathematical statistics (data collection) and a probability model, (i) survey data for 2134 bridges in 22 highway sections (47 sub-sections) affected by the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008 were obtained and analysed, (ii) Gaussian and exponential regression models were developed, (iii) the empirical seismic-damage vulnerability function, plane, surface and curve model of the 22 highway sections with sample number and failure ratio were established, and (iv) a regression parameter matrix was constructed considering the empirical seismic-damage data. Using the method of probability exceedance, the bridge vulnerability curve models considering the seismic-damage exceedance probability of each section were analysed, and a parameter matrix model (mean seismic-damage index) was proposed to evaluate and predict the seismic vulnerability of regional bridges. Based on creating the actual seismic-damage sample database, vulnerability point-cloud models of the 22 highway bridges were constructed, and the vulnerability probability matrix, function, curve and point-cloud model of each highway section can be used to evaluate and estimate the vulnerability of regional bridges in the future.