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Filling mining technology is a feasible and effective means to build a green mine and protect the environment. In order to investigate the overlying rock movement law of gangue-filling mining under the condition of no support for thick coal seams, this paper takes the Sima mine as the research object and determines the relevant parameters of rock mechanics in the mine area through a uniaxial compression test, a uniaxial tensile test, and a uniaxial shear test, which lay the foundation for the numerical simulation and similar simulation experiments. The optimal solution was determined by the numerical simulation, the effects of mining width and mining sequence on the overlying rock stress and deformation were analyzed, and the accuracy of the results was further confirmed by combining with similar simulation experiments. The results show that the mining sequence of jump mining with large intervals adopted in this paper can make the backfill solidify fully and is more conducive to the working face support and roof management. The larger the mining width, the larger the deformation of the overlying rock seam and the surface. It shows that the smaller the mining width, the smaller the increase of stress caused by excavation and filling, which is more favorable to the stability of the coal column and filling body. This paper deals with coal mine solid waste, while realizing the effective control of surface subsidence and providing a theoretical basis for the construction of green mines.