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Abstract Purpose To examine residents’ first-aid kit preparation and its influencing factors. Design Cross-sectional survey. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among 449 permanent residents in Sichuan Province using convenience sampling. We examined participants’ demographic characteristics, self-efficacy, health literacy, and personality. Findings Of the participants, 111 (24.7%) stocked a home first-aid kit. The most frequent supplies were disinfection supplies (91.9%), common medicines (86.5%), and dressing supplies (76.6%). Family per capita monthly income, medical expenses payment method, chronic diseases, general self-efficacy, and health literacy were influencing factors of family first-aid kit preparedness. Conclusion A multilevel and interactive emergency literacy education system should be established to improve residents’ abilities to prevent emergencies.