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This research aims to investigate the development of muscle fatigue and the recovery process revealed by tissue oxygenation. The tissue hemodynamics were measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during a 30-min pre-exercise rest, a 40-cycle heel-lift exercise and a 30-min post-exercise recovery. Wavelet transform was used to obtain the normalized wavelet energy in six frequency intervals (I–VI) and inverse wavelet transform was applied to extract exercise-induced oscillations from the hemodynamic signals. During the exercise phase, the contraction-related oscillations in the total hemoglobin signal (ΔtHb) showed a decreasing trend while the fluctuations in the tissue oxygenation index (TOI) displayed an increasing tendency. The mean TOI value was significantly higher (<i>p</i> < 0.001) under recovery (65.04% ± 2.90%) than that under rest (62.35% ± 3.05%). The normalized wavelet energy of the ΔtHb signal in frequency intervals I (<i>p</i> < 0.001), II (<i>p</i> < 0.05), III (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and IV (<i>p</i> < 0.01) significantly increased by 43.4%, 23.6%, 18.4% and 21.6% during the recovery than that during the pre-exercise rest, while the value in interval VI (<i>p</i> < 0.05) significantly decreased by 16.6%. It could be concluded that NIRS-derived hemodynamic signals can provide valuable information related to muscle fatigue and recovery.