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The Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century Maritime Silk Route established Chinas new external strategy basis for the near-term historical perspective. The implementation of these projects, which were united under the common name One belt, one road, will become one of the most important tasks of Beijing to optimize the spatial structure of the entire Eurasian region economic development. Russia and Central Asian countries take a prominent place in the process of implementing this initiative. China actively cooperates with these countries. All parties receive great benefi ts of this comprehensive cooperation. The purpose of this article is to determine the role of Russia and Central Asian countries in the implementation of the Chinese initiative One belt, one road. In accordance with the purpose, the following tasks were set: to study the main types and directions of Chinas cooperation with Russia and the Central Asian republics within the framework of the initiative, to analyze the specifi cs of this cooperation, and to consider the aspects of interaction between the parties. The problem-chronological approach was used as a methodological basis, it allows to study certain aspects of interaction, international relations subjects. Based on the results of the analysis, the author concludes that Russia and the Central Asian republics take a key place in the implementation of the Chinese initiative One belt, one road.