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Abstract Background Sleep disorder and sleep complaints are common in subjects with migraine. Although the association between sleep disorders and migraine has been reported, the association between perceived insufficient sleep and migraine has rarely reported. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between insufficient sleep and migraine using the data of the Korean Headache-Sleep Study (KHSS). Methods The KHSS is a nation-wide cross-sectional population-based survey regarding headache and sleep for Korean adults aged 19 to 69 years. A difference of one hour or more between sleep need and average sleep time indicated insufficient sleep. Results Of 2,695 participants, 727 (27.0%) individuals were classified as having insufficient sleep. The prevalence of insufficient sleep among individuals with migraine (45.5%) was significantly higher compared to that among individuals with non-migraine headache (32.9%, p = 0.004) or among non-headache (20.4%, p < 0.001). Average sleep time did not differ among migraine, non-migraine headache, and non-headache groups (7.3 ± 1.2 vs. 7.2 ± 1.2 vs. 7.3 ± 1.4, p = 0.207). Multivariable logistic regression analyses demonstrated that migraine had an increased odds ratio (OR) for insufficient sleep after adjusting for sociodemographic variables, short sleep time, insomnia, poor sleep quality, anxiety, and depression (OR = 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1. 2 – 2.7, p = 0.002). Conclusions The prevalence of insufficient sleep was significantly higher among migraineurs compared to that in non-migraine headache or non-headache group.