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The F-box family exists in a wide variety of plants and plays an extremely important role in plant growth, development and stress responses. However, systematic studies of F-box family have not been reported in <i>populus trichocarpa</i>. In the present study, 245 <i>PtrFBX</i> proteins in total were identified, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed on the basis of their C-terminal conserved domains, which was divided into 16 groups (A–P). F-box proteins were located in 19 chromosomes and six scaffolds, and segmental duplication was main force for the evolution of the F-box family in poplar. Collinearity analysis was conducted between poplar and other species including <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, <i>Glycine max</i>, <i>Anemone vitifolia</i> Buch, <i>Oryza sativa</i> and <i>Zea mays</i>, which indicated that poplar has a relatively close relationship with <i>G. max</i>. The promoter regions of <i>PtrFBX</i> genes mainly contain two kinds of <i>cis</i>-elements, including hormone-responsive elements and stress-related elements. Transcriptome analysis indicated that there were 82 differentially expressed <i>PtrFBX</i> genes (DEGs), among which 64 DEGs were in the roots, 17 in the leaves and 26 in the stems. In addition, a co-expression network analysis of four representative <i>PtrFBX</i> genes indicated that their co-expression gene sets were mainly involved in abiotic stress responses and complex physiological processes. Using bioinformatic methods, we explored the structure, evolution and expression pattern of F-box genes in poplar, which provided clues to the molecular function of F-box family members and the screening of salt-tolerant <i>PtrFBX</i> genes.