Prediction of Achilles Tendon Force During Common Motor Tasks From Markerless Video

oleh: Zhengliang Xia, Bradley M. Cornish, Daniel Devaprakash, Rod S. Barrett, David G. Lloyd, Andrea H. Hams, Claudio Pizzolato

Format: Article
Diterbitkan: IEEE 2024-01-01

Deskripsi

Remodeling of the Achilles tendon (AT) is partly driven by its mechanical environment. AT force can be estimated with neuromusculoskeletal (NMSK) modeling; however, the complex experimental setup required to perform the analyses confines use to the laboratory. We developed task-specific long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks that employ markerless video data to predict the AT force during walking, running, countermovement jump, single-leg landing, and single-leg heel rise. The task-specific LSTM models were trained on pose estimation keypoints and corresponding AT force data from 16 subjects, calculated via an established NMSK modeling pipeline, and cross-validated using a leave-one-subject-out approach. As proof-of-concept, new motion data of one participant was collected with two smartphones and used to predict AT forces. The task-specific LSTM models predicted the time-series AT force using synthesized pose estimation data with root mean square error (RMSE) <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\le 526$ </tex-math></inline-formula> N, normalized RMSE (nRMSE) <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\le 0.21$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, R<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{{2}} \ge 0.81$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Walking task resulted the most accurate with RMSE <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$= 189\pm 62$ </tex-math></inline-formula> N; nRMSE <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$= 0.11\pm 0.03$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, R<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{{2}}= 0.92\pm 0.04$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. AT force predicted with smartphones video data was physiologically plausible, agreeing in timing and magnitude with established force profiles. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using low-cost solutions to deploy complex biomechanical analyses outside the laboratory.