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A specimen of the rare Japanese prickly dogfish, known also as the Japanese roughshark, Oxynotus japonicus Yano et Murofushi, 1985, was recently collected from the north-eastern Taiwan at the Daxi fish market. It represents the first record of the family, the genus, and the species in Taiwan. Moreover, previous records were based on only 8 known specimens and the Taiwanese specimen represents the 9th specimen in the world. A detail description of the specimen is provided to document the species.