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Weaning affects the development of ruminal bacteria in lambs during early life. However, the temporal dynamics of rumen microbiota in early weaned lambs is unknown compared to conventionally weaned lambs. In this study, one group was reared with their dams (control, CON) and conventionally weaned at 49 days (d), while the other lambs were weaned at 21 d (early weaning, EW) using starter. Rumen microbial samples collected at 26, 35, and 63 d were used for next-generation sequencing. Here, we found that the abundance and diversity of rumen microbiota in EW were significantly lower at 26 and 35 d than the CON. Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis was performed to identify the signature microbiota for EW at these three ages. At 26 d, <i>Prevotella</i> 7, <i>Syntrophococcus</i>, <i>Sharpea</i>, <i>Dialister</i>, <i>Pseudoscardovia</i>, and <i>Megasphaera</i> in the rumen of the EW group had greater relative abundances. At 35 d, the <i>Lachnospiraceae</i>_NK3A20_group was enriched in CON. On 63 d, <i>Erysipelotrichaceae</i>_UCG-002 was abundant in EW. <i>Syntrophococcus</i> and <i>Megaspheaera</i> in EW lambs were abundant at 26 and 35 d, but kept similar to CON at 63 d. The relative abundance of <i>Erysipelotrichaceae</i>_UCG-002 at all-time points was consistently higher in the EW group. In conclusion, early weaning led to a significant decrease in rumen microbiota richness and diversity in the short term. The changes in rumen microbiota are associated with the persistence of weaning stress. The temporal dynamics of relative abundances of <i>Syntrophococcus</i>, <i>Megasphaera</i>, and <i>Ruminococcaceae</i>_UCG-014 reflect the weaning stress over a short period and rumen recovery after early weaning.