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<b>Objectives</b> The three-phase balance optimization is of importance to the power distribution of ship lighting system design. For enhancing the design efficiency and accuracy, an optimal approach is presented based on a simulated annealing (SA) algorithm.<b>Methods</b> Firstly, two optimal models are established for the upper-level distribution board and lower-level distribution box, respectively. Then, the SA algorithm is improved and applied to solve the problem of three-phase balance optimal design. Ultimately, a real case is tested based on the Matlab platform.<b>Results</b> The test shows the presented approach can solve the three-phase balance of four power distribution boxes and one upper-level distribution board within one second. <b>Conclusions</b> The presented approach can help relieve the excessive burden of three-phase load distribution for the lighting system by traditional design method and improve the design efficiency.